Intebe y'uruvange rw'uruvange rw'uruvange rw'uruvange ni igice cy'ingenzi cyo gufunga imbere muri uruvange rw'uruvange rw'uruvange. Inshingano yarwo nyamukuru ni ugukora ku gice cy'uruvange rw'uruvange (disiki y'uruvange) no gukora ubuso bwo gufunga iyo uruvange rufunze kugira ngo hirindwe ko amazi ava hagati. By'umwihariko,intebe y'agatebe k'ibinyugunyuguishobora gushyirwa ku rukuta rw'imbere rw'umubiri w'agapira cyangwa igashyirwa ku isahani y'ikinyugunyugu, ishingiye ku bikoresho byayo n'imiterere yayo kugira ngo igere ku ngaruka nziza zo gufunga.
1. Intangiriro y'uburyo intebe y'ikinyugunyugu ishyirwa mu byiciro
1. 1 Gushyira mu byiciro hakurikijwe ibikoresho
A. Intebe y'agatebe gatoki yoroshye irabagirana
Ubusanzwe yerekeza ku bikoresho nka rubber, silicone, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
Ibyiza: ikora neza mu gufunga, isubiza vuba, ikwiriye ubushyuhe buke, umuvuduko muke n'ibikoresho bike byangiza (usibye PTFE).
Ingaruka mbi: kudasaza neza, igihe cyo kuyikoresha kigabanuka bitewe no gusaza kw'ibikoresho.
B. Intebe y'icyuma ikoreshwa mu kwicara
Bikozwe mu byuma bitangiza ibyuma, icyuma cya karuboni cyangwa ibindi bikoresho by'icyuma.
Ibyiza: Kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, Kurwanya umuvuduko mwinshi, Kurwanya kwangirika gukomeye, Bikwiriye gukoreshwa mu bihe bikomeye.
Ingaruka mbi: ibisabwa cyane kugira ngo habeho gufunga hagati y’icyuma n’icyuma, gutunganya neza no gushyiraho ibikoresho.
C. Intebe ya valvu ivanze
Ihuza ibyiza by'icyuma n'ibikoresho byoroshye, akenshi ipfuka imiterere y'icyuma n'ibikoresho bya elastic nka grafiti.
Ntabwo ishobora gutuma ifunga neza gusa, ahubwo inanoza uburyo bwo kudashira no kumara igihe kirekire.
1.2. Gushyira mu byiciro hakurikijwe imiterere y'imiterere
A. Intebe ikomeye y'inyuma
Intebe ya valve n'inyuma byakozwe mu buryo bufatanye, bifite imiterere yoroshye, kandi ubuso bwo gufunga buhura neza n'umubiri wa valve.
Ingorane z'ibiintebe ikomeye y'umugongoni uko iyo intebe ya valve imaze kwangirika cyangwa ishaje, valve yose y'ikinyugunyugu igomba gusenywa kugira ngo ihindurwe.
B. Intebe yoroshye ikurwaho
Itsindaintebe y'agace k'inyumaikoresha igishushanyo mbonera cy'umurizo w'inkombe kandi ishobora gusenywa igasimburwa ukwayo.
Akamaro ni uko byoroshye kubungabunga no kongera igihe cy'ubuzima bwa valve y'ikinyugunyugu muri rusange.
1.3. Dukurikije igishushanyo mbonera cyihariye
A. Valve y'ibinyugunyugu ibiri idafite ishusho
Isahani y'ikinyugunyugu igenda ku mikondo ibiri idasanzwe iyo ifunze kugira ngo igabanye uburyaryate bw'aho intebe y'ingufu ihurira.
Ibyiza ni ukugabanuka kwangirika, igihe kirekire cyo kwicara mu mwanya wa valve, no kunoza imikorere yo kuziba.
B. Valve y'ibinyugunyugu itatu idafite ishusho
Igishushanyo mbonera gishingiye ku buryo bubiri bworoshye butuma intebe y'ikinyugunyugu n'intebe y'icyuma bishobora gukorana neza hagati y'icyuma n'icyuma.
Ishobora kugera ku ngaruka nyazo zo gusohoka kw'amazi kandi ikwiriye imikorere ikenewe cyane (nk'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ibinyabiziga bifite umuvuduko mwinshi).
Ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibikoresho by'intebe z'abarinda amashanyarazi bufite imiterere itandukanye y'umubiri n'iya chimique kandi bukwiriye imiterere itandukanye y'akazi. Muri iyi nkuru, twiga cyane cyane ubwoko bw'ingenzi bw'intebe z'abarinda amashanyarazi, imikorere n'ikoreshwa ryazo.
Intebe za elastic valve zikunze gukoreshwa ku isoko ni NBR, EPDM, VITON (FKM), rubber karemano (NR), silicone (Silicone Rubber), polyurethane (PU), rubber ya hydrogenated nitrile (HNBR), HYPALON (CSM), PTFE:
2. Kugereranya Imiterere y'Icyicaro cya Valve
| Ibikoresho | NBR (Rubber ya Nitrile) | EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Rubber) | VITON (FKM/Fluorocarbon Rubber) | NR (Umupira w'umwimerere) | Rubber ya silikoni | PU (Polurethane) | HNBR (Irabu ya Hydrogenated Nitrile) | HYPALON (CSM/Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubber) | PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene, Teflon) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ubudahangarwa bw'amavuta | Nibyiza cyane | Umukene | Idasanzwe (irwanya ibicanwa n'imiti) | Umukene | Umukene | Iringaniye | Ni nziza cyane (irwanya amavuta, lisansi n'amavuta y'ubushyuhe) | Iringaniye | Ni nziza cyane (irwanya imiti neza cyane) |
| Ubudahangarwa bw'ibinyabutabire | Iringaniye, irwanya aside n'ibice byoroheje | Ni nziza cyane (irwanya aside, bases, na oxidizers) | Ni nziza cyane (irwanya aside, base, organic solvents) | Iringaniye | Ni nziza cyane (irwanya oxidize, ntigira uburozi) | Iringaniye | Ni byiza (birwanya aside n'ibice byoroheje) | Ni nziza cyane (irwanya aside, bases, na oxidizers) | Ni nziza cyane (irwanya imiti yose) |
| Ingano y'ubushyuhe (°C) | -30 ~ 100 | -40 ~ 120 (muri make kugeza kuri 150) | -20 ~ 200 | -50 ~ 70 | -60 ~ 230 | -30 ~ 80 | -40 ~ 150 | -40 ~ 130 | -200 ~ 260 |
| Ubudahangarwa bwo kwambara | Byiza | Iringaniye | Byiza | Ni nziza cyane (irwanya kwangirika cyane) | Iringaniye | Ni nziza cyane (ingufu nziza zo kwangirika) | Nibyiza cyane | Byiza | Biteye ishozi (biroroshye kwangirika) |
| Ubudahangarwa bw'amazi | Iringaniye | Ni nziza cyane (ikwiriye amazi ashyushye n'umwuka ushyushye) | Iringaniye | Byiza | Ni nziza cyane (ifite ibiryo byinshi) | Iringaniye | Byiza | Nibyiza cyane | Ni nziza cyane (irinda amazi) |
| Ubudahangarwa bw'ikirere (UV/Ozone) | Ubukene (gusaza byoroshye) | Ni nziza cyane (ihangana n'ikirere kinini) | Byiza | Iringaniye | Ni nziza cyane (ihangana n'ikirere gikabije) | Iringaniye | Ni nziza cyane (ihangana n'ikirere kinini) | Idasanzwe (irwanya ikirere neza cyane) | Ni nziza cyane (irangi ry'imirasire y'izuba n'irinda gusaza) |
| Guhindura imiterere | Byiza | Nibyiza cyane | Iringaniye | Nibyiza cyane | Nibyiza cyane | Byiza | Nibyiza cyane | Byiza | Gukomera (gushyuha guke) |
| Porogaramu z'ingenzi | Amavuta, amavuta yo kwisiga, sisitemu z'amavuta ya hydraulic, imashini zifunga mu nganda | Imiyoboro y'amazi n'imiyoboro y'amazi, imiyoboro y'imiti, imiyoboro y'umwuka, ibikoresho byo hanze | Ikoreshwa ry'ibinyabutabire mu bushyuhe bwinshi, sisitemu za lisansi, indege, ibinyabutabire bya peteroli | Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, ibikoresho bidashira, imitako y'imashini | Ibiryo, imiti, ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bifunga, ikoreshwa mu bushyuhe buri hejuru n'ubushyuhe buke | Gufunga ibikoresho bya mashini, ibikoresho bidashira, ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, sisitemu z'amazi | Ibinyabutabire bya peteroli, inganda z'imodoka, ibipfukamunwa bya peteroli bishyuha cyane | Inganda zikora imiti, ibidukikije byangiza, ibikoresho byo hanze, gufunga birwanya ozone | Ibinyabutabire bikomeye byangiza, imiti, ibifunga by'ibiryo, ibifunga by'ubushyuhe bwinshi |
3. Imiterere ikwiye yo gukorera ibikoresho by'intebe bya Valve
| Ibikoresho | Ubudahangarwa bw'ibikomoka kuri peteroli/amavuta | Ubudahangarwa bw'aside/ibanze | Ubudahangarwa bw'ubushyuhe bwinshi | Ubudahangarwa ku bushyuhe buke | Ubudahangarwa bw'amazi | Ubudahangarwa bwo kwambara | Ubudahangarwa bw'ikirere (Hanze, Ozone) | Ibiribwa byo mu rwego rwo hejuru |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NBR | ✔ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✔ | ❌ | ❌ |
| EPDM | ❌ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ❌ | ✔ | ✔ |
| VITON | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ❌ | ❌ | ✔ | ✔ | ❌ |
| NR | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ❌ | ❌ |
| Silikoni | ❌ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ❌ | ✔ | ✔ |
| PU | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ✔ | ❌ | ❌ |
| HNBR | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ❌ |
| HYPALON | ❌ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ❌ |
| PTFE | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ❌ | ✔ | ✔ |
4. Ibyifuzo byo guhitamo ibikoresho
· Ku bijyanye no gukoresha lisansi, peteroli, cyangwa amavuta ya hydraulic → NBR, HNBR, VITON
· Kurwanya aside/base na shimi → EPDM, HYPALON, VITON, PTFE
· Ku bijyanye no kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi (>150°C)→ VITON, Silicone, HYPALON, PTFE
· Ku bikoresho biri ku bushyuhe buri hasi (<-40°C)→ NR, Silicone, PTFE
· Kurwanya kwangirika no kwangirika cyane (ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, imashini)→ NR, PU, HNBR
· Ku mazi yo kunywa n'ibiryo byo mu rwego rwo hejuru → EPDM, Silicone, PTFE
· Kurwanya hanze no mu kirere cya ozone→ EPDM, HYPALON, Silicone, PTFE
5. Umwanzuro
· NBR (Nitrile Rubber): Ni nziza cyane mu gukoresha amavuta nka lisansi, amavuta ya hydraulic, ariko ntikwiriye ubushyuhe bwinshi na aside/base.
· EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Rubber): Ni nziza cyane mu gutunganya amazi, imiti n'umwuka; irinda ikirere cyane ariko ntirinda amavuta.
· VITON (Rubber ya Fluorocarbon): Ni nziza cyane ku bushyuhe bwinshi, aside/base zikomeye, ndetse no gukoresha lisansi.
· NR (Rubber Natural): Irwanya cyane gushwanyagurika, ikoreshwa mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro no mu mashini ariko ntirwanya imiti.
· Rubber ya Silicone: Ni nziza cyane ku bushyuhe buri hejuru/hasi, ikoreshwa mu buryo butabangamira ibiryo, ariko ntishobora kwangirika.
· PU (Polyurethane): Ni nziza cyane mu kurwanya kwangirika gukabije, ikoreshwa mu gufunga no gucukura amabuye y'agaciro.
· HNBR (Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber): Iruta NBR mu bushyuhe bwinshi no mu gusaza, ikoreshwa mu nganda zikora peteroli.
· HYPALON (CSM/Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubber): Ni nziza cyane mu kurwanya aside/base no guhangana n'ikirere, ikaba nziza cyane mu gufunga imiti n'umwuka wa ozone.
· PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene): Ni yo irwanya imiti cyane, ni nziza cyane mu bushyuhe bwinshi, ahantu hangiza ibidukikije, no mu gutunganya ibiribwa.