Gutera igice cy'umubiri w'imvange ni igice cy'ingenzi mu gikorwa cyo gukora imvange, kandi ubwiza bw'imvange bugena ubwiza bw'imvange. Ibi bikurikira bitanga uburyo butandukanye bwo gutera imvange bukoreshwa mu nganda z'imvange:
Gutera umucanga:
Guca umucanga bikunze gukoreshwa mu nganda z'amavali bishobora kugabanywamo umucanga w'icyatsi kibisi, umucanga wumye, umucanga w'ibirahuri by'amazi n'umucanga wikora ku giti cyawe ukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo gufunga.
(1) Umucanga w'icyatsi ni uburyo bwo gushushanya hakoreshejwe bentonite nk'icyuma gifunga.
Ibiranga byayo ni ibi bikurikira:Ifumbire y'umucanga irangiye ntabwo ikeneye kumisha cyangwa gukomera, ifumbire y'umucanga ifite imbaraga runaka zo gutose, kandi igice cy'umucanga n'igishishwa cy'ifu bifite umusaruro mwiza, bigatuma byoroha gusukura no gukurura ifumbire. Ingufu zo gukora ifumbire ni nyinshi, igihe cyo kuyikora ni gito, igiciro cy'ibikoresho ni gito, kandi biroroshye gutegura ikorwa ry'imirongo yo guteranya.
Ingaruka mbi zayo ni izi:Imitako ikunze kugira inenge nk'imyenge, imitako y'umucanga, no gufatana kw'umucanga, kandi ubwiza bw'imitako, cyane cyane ubwiza bw'imbere, ntabwo ari bwiza.
Imbonerahamwe y'umucanga w'icyatsi kibisi ukoreshwa mu gucukura ibyuma:
(2) Umucanga wumye ni uburyo bwo gushushanya hakoreshejwe ibumba nk'icyuma gifunga. Kongeramo bentonite nkeya bishobora kongera imbaraga zayo z'ubutose.
Ibiranga byayo ni ibi bikurikira:Ifu y'umucanga igomba kuyumishwa, ifite umwuka mwiza wo kwinjira, ntabwo ikunze kugira inenge nko koza umucanga, gufata umucanga, n'imyenge, kandi ubwiza bw'ibumba ni bwiza.
Ingaruka mbi zayo ni izi:bisaba ibikoresho byo kumisha umucanga kandi igihe cyo kuwukora ni kirekire.
(3) Umucanga w'ibirahure by'amazi ni uburyo bwo gukora ibishushanyo mbonera hakoreshejwe ikirahure cy'amazi nk'igikoresho cyo gufatanya. Ibiranga ni ibi: ikirahure cy'amazi gifite inshingano yo gukomera mu buryo bwikora iyo gihuye na CO2, kandi gishobora kugira ibyiza bitandukanye byo gukoresha uburyo bwo gukomera bwa gaze mu gukora ibishushanyo mbonera no mu gukora igice cy'imbere, ariko hari inenge nko kudakora neza kw'igishishwa cy'ibumba, ingorane mu gusukura umucanga w'ibicanwa, hamwe n'umuvuduko muto wo kongera kuvugurura no kongera gukoresha umucanga ushaje.
Imbonerahamwe y'ibipimo n'imikorere y'umucanga wo gukomera w'ikirahure cy'amazi cya CO2:
(4) Gutunganya umucanga wa Furan resin ni uburyo bwo gucukura hakoreshejwe furan resin nk'icyuma gifunga. Umucanga wo gucukura ukomera bitewe n'uburyo icyuma gifunga kibikora mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bw'icyumba. Ikiranga ni uko ikimera cy'umucanga kidakenera kumisha, bigatuma uruziga rw'umusaruro rugabanuka kandi rukagabanya ingufu. Umucanga wo gucukura resin woroshye kuwutsindagira kandi ufite ubushobozi bwo gusenyuka neza. Umucanga wo gucukura w'ibice bicukurwa woroshye gusukura. Ibice bicukurwa bifite ubuziranenge bwo hejuru kandi bifite imiterere myiza, bishobora kunoza cyane ubwiza bw'ibice bicukurwa. Ingaruka mbi zabyo ni: ibisabwa ku mucanga mubi, impumuro nkeya aho bikorerwa, n'igiciro kinini cya resin.
Uburyo bwo kuvanga no gupima imvange y'umucanga udakoreshejwe furan resin:
Uburyo bwo kuvanga umucanga wikomeza gukonjesha wa furan resin: Ni byiza gukoresha imashini ikomeza kuvanga umucanga kugira ngo ukore umucanga wikomeza gukonjesha. Umucanga mubi, resin, umuti uvura, nibindi byongerwamo bikurikiranye kandi bigavangwa vuba. Bishobora kuvangwa no gukoreshwa igihe icyo ari cyo cyose.
Uburyo bwo kongeramo ibikoresho fatizo bitandukanye mu kuvanga umucanga wa resin ni ubu bukurikira:
Umusenyi mubi + umuti uvura (umuti w'amazi wa aside p-toluenesulfonike) – (120 ~ 180S) – resin + silane – (60 ~ 90S) – umusenyi ukorwa
(5) Uburyo busanzwe bwo gukora umucanga:
Gutanga ikoranabuhanga rigezweho:
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, abakora valves bakomeje kwita cyane ku isura nziza n'uburyo ibintu bicukurwamo bingana. Kubera ko isura nziza ari cyo kintu cy'ibanze ku isoko, ni nacyo gipimo cy'aho bishyirwa mu ntambwe ya mbere yo gukora imashini.
Uburyo bukoreshwa cyane mu gukata neza mu nganda z'amavali ni ugukata ishoramari, bushyirwa ahagaragara muri make bukurikira:
(1) Uburyo bubiri bwo gutunganya umuti:
①Hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byo gushushanya bishingiye ku gishishwa gishyushye (aside stearike + parafini), gutera igishishwa gishyushye, igishishwa cy'ikirahure cy'amazi, gushonga amazi ashyushye, gushonga no gusuka mu kirere, bikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gushonga ibyuma bya karuboni n'ibyuma bifite ubuziranenge buciriritse, ubuziranenge bw'ibishishwa bushobora kugera ku gipimo cya CT7 ~ 9 cy'igihugu.
② Hakoreshejwe ibikoresho by'ibumba bishingiye kuri resin mu bushyuhe buringaniye, inshinge y'isukari ifite umuvuduko mwinshi, igishishwa cya silica sol mold, dewaxing y'umwuka, uburyo bwo gushonga mu kirere cyangwa mu buryo bwihuse, ubuziranenge bw'ibice by'ibumba bushobora kugera ku bipimo bya CT4-6.
(2) Imiterere isanzwe y'ishoramari:
(3) Ibiranga ishoramari:
①Uburyo bwo gucukura bufite ubuziranenge bwo hejuru, ubuso buroroshye kandi bufite isura nziza.
② Birashoboka gushushanya ibice bifite imiterere n'imiterere bigoye gutunganya hamwe n'izindi nzira.
③ Ibikoresho byo gucukura ntibigarukira ku bikoresho bitandukanye bya aloyi nka: icyuma cya karuboni, icyuma kitagira umugese, icyuma cya aloyi, aloyi ya aluminiyumu, aloyi ishyushye cyane, n'ibyuma by'agaciro, cyane cyane ibikoresho bya aloyi bigoye kubikora, kubisudira no kubikata.
④ Ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora neza kandi irahindagurika cyane. Ishobora gukorwa ku bwinshi, kandi ikwiriye no gukorwa ku gice kimwe cyangwa igice gito.
⑤ Gushora imari mu gushora imari bifite imbogamizi zimwe na zimwe, nko: inzira igoye yo gukora no gukora igihe kirekire. Bitewe n'uburyo buke bwo gushora imari bushobora gukoreshwa, ubushobozi bwayo bwo gutwara amashanyarazi ntibushobora kuba bwinshi cyane iyo ikoreshwa mu gushora imari mu gushora imari mu buryo buciriritse.
Isesengura ry'ubusembwa bwo guterera
Gucukura byose bizaba bifite inenge imbere, kubaho kw'izi nenge bizazana ingaruka zikomeye zihishe ku bwiza bw'imbere bw'icukura, kandi gusana gusudira kugira ngo bikureho izo nenge mu gikorwa cyo gukora bizazana umutwaro ukomeye mu gikorwa cyo gukora. By'umwihariko, valves ni castings zoroshye kandi zihanganira igitutu n'ubushyuhe, kandi ubugari bw'imiterere yazo imbere ni ingenzi cyane. Kubwibyo, inenge z'imbere mu icukura ziba ikintu cy'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku bwiza bw'icukura.
Inenge z'imbere mu miterere y'imigozi zirimo ahanini imyenge, ibyinjira mu miyoboro, imyenge yo gushonga no kwangirika.
(1) Imyenge:Imyenge ikorwa na gaze, ubuso bw'imyenge buroroshye, kandi ikorerwa imbere cyangwa hafi y'ubuso bw'icyuma gishongeshejwe, kandi imiterere yayo ahanini ni uruziga cyangwa uburebure.
Isoko nyamukuru ya gaze ikora imyenge ni:
① Azote na hydrogen byashongeshejwe mu cyuma biba biri mu cyuma mu gihe cyo gukonja kw'icyuma, bigakora inkuta z'imbere zifunze zizengurutse cyangwa zizunguruka zifite icyuma gishyushye.
②Ubushuhe cyangwa ibintu bihindagurika mu bikoresho byo gushushanya bizahinduka umwuka bitewe no gushyuha, bigakora imyenge ifite inkuta z'imbere z'umukara wijimye.
③ Mu gihe cyo gusukura icyuma, bitewe n'uko amazi adahindagurika, umwuka uba urimo gukora imyenge.
Uburyo bwo kwirinda indwara yo mu gifu:
① Mu gushongesha, ibikoresho fatizo by'icyuma byangiritse bigomba gukoreshwa bike bishoboka cyangwa ntibikoreshwe, kandi ibikoresho n'amacupa bigomba gutekwa no kumyuka.
②Gusuka icyuma gishongeshejwe bigomba gukorwa ku bushyuhe bwinshi kandi bigasukwa ku bushyuhe buke, kandi icyuma gishongeshejwe kigomba gukaraba neza kugira ngo gazi ishobore kureremba.
③ Imiterere y'uburyo icyuma gisukamo amazi gikwiye kongera umuvuduko w'icyuma gishongeshejwe kugira ngo hirindwe ko gaze ifatwa, kandi hagashyirwaho inzira ya gaze y'ubukorano kugira ngo habeho imyuka isohora amazi ihagije.
④Ibikoresho byo kubumba bigomba kugenzura ingano y'amazi n'ingano ya gaze, kongera ubushobozi bw'umwuka wo kwinjira, kandi ifu y'umucanga n'umucanga bigomba gutekwa no kumyuka uko bishoboka kose.
(2) Umwobo wo kugabanuka (ufungutse):Ni umwobo ugororotse cyangwa udasobanutse neza (ubuso) ugaragara imbere mu gitereko (cyane cyane ahantu hashyushye), ufite ubuso buto bw'imbere n'ibara ryijimye. Uduce tw'amabara y'ubururu, ahanini turi mu ishusho ya dendrites, dukusanyirijwe ahantu hamwe cyangwa henshi, dushobora kuva amazi mu gihe cy'igerageza rya hydraulic.
Impamvu yo kugabanuka k'umwobo (kudohoka):Kugabanuka k'ingano bibaho iyo icyuma gikonje kuva mu mazi kijya mu buryo bukomeye. Iyo nta cyuma gishongeshejwe gihagije cyongera kuzura muri iki gihe, kugabanuka k'ubuso bw'icyuma bizabura kubaho. Kugabanuka k'ubuso bw'icyuma gishongeshejwe ahanini biterwa no kugenzura nabi inzira yo gukonjesha ikurikirana. Impamvu zishobora kuba zirimo gushyiraho imiterere idakwiye y'ubuso bw'icyuma gishongeshejwe, ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane bwo gusuka kw'icyuma gishongeshejwe, no kugabanuka k'icyuma kinini.
Uburyo bwo kwirinda ko imyobo igabanuka (kudohoka):① Kora gahunda ya siyansi yo gusuka ibikoresho kugira ngo icyuma gishongeshwe gikomere neza, kandi ibice bibanza gukomera bigomba kongeramo icyuma gishongeshejwe. ② Shyiraho neza kandi mu buryo bukwiye icyuma gikonjesha, inkunga, icyuma gikonjesha imbere n'inyuma kugira ngo urebe ko gikomera neza. ③Iyo icyuma gishongeshejwe gisutswe, gushyira hejuru mu gikoresho cyo hejuru ni ingirakamaro kugira ngo urebe ubushyuhe bw'icyuma gishongeshejwe n'ibiryo biryoshye, kandi ugabanye ko hari imyenge igabanuka. ④ Ku bijyanye n'umuvuduko wo gusuka, gusuka vuba vuba birushaho gufasha gukomera buhoro kuruta gusuka vuba. ⑸Ubushyuhe bwo gusuka ntibugomba kuba bwinshi cyane. Icyuma gishongeshejwe gikurwa mu itanura ku bushyuhe bwinshi kigasukwa nyuma yo gukaraba, ibyo bikaba ingirakamaro mu kugabanya imyenge igabanuka.
(3) Ibintu birimo umucanga (ibisigazwa):Uduce tw’umucanga (slag), tuzwi cyane nka blisters, ni utwobo tudakomeza kugaragara mu byuma bicukurwamo. Utwo twobo tuvangwa n’umucanga ucura cyangwa slag y’icyuma, dufite ingano zidahuje kandi zigateranyirizwa hamwe. Ahantu hamwe cyangwa henshi, akenshi haba henshi ku gice cyo hejuru.
Impamvu zitera umucanga (slag) kwiyongera:Gushyiramo ibisigazwa biterwa n'ibisigazwa by'icyuma byinjira mu cyuma gishongeshwa hamwe n'icyuma gishongeshwa mu gihe cyo gushongesha cyangwa gusukura. Gushyiramo umucanga biterwa n'uko umwobo w'ibisigazwa udahagije mu gihe cyo gushushanya. Iyo icyuma gishongeshwa gisutswe mu mwobo w'ibisigazwa, umucanga wogezwa n'icyuma gishongeshwa ukinjira imbere mu cyuma gishongeshwa. Byongeye kandi, gukora nabi mu gihe cyo gukata no gufunga agasanduku, hamwe n'ikibazo cy'umucanga ugwa ni nabyo bituma umucanga ushyirwamo.
Uburyo bwo gukumira ko umucanga ujyamo (ibisigazwa):① Iyo icyuma gishongeshejwe gishongeshejwe, umwotsi n'ibisigazwa bigomba gukurwamo neza uko bishoboka kose. ② Gerageza kudahindura umufuka wo gusukiramo icyuma gishongeshejwe, ahubwo koresha umufuka w'icyayi cyangwa umufuka wo hasi wo gusukiramo kugira ngo wirinde ko ibisigazwa biri hejuru y'icyuma gishongeshejwe byinjira mu mwobo w'icyuma hamwe n'icyuma gishongeshejwe. ③ Mu gusukira icyuma gishongeshejwe, hagomba gufatwa ingamba zo gukumira ko ibisigazwa byinjira mu mwobo w'icyuma gishongeshejwe. ④Kugira ngo ugabanye amahirwe yo kwinjiramo umucanga, menya neza ko ibumba ry'umucanga rifashe igihe cyo gukora ibishushanyo, witondere kudatakaza umucanga mugihe urimo gukata, kandi uhumeke neza umwobo w'ibisigazwa mbere yo gufunga agasanduku.
(4) Uduce:Ibyinshi mu bice bicukurwamo ni ibishyushye, bifite imiterere idahuye, byinjira cyangwa ntibinjire, bikomeza cyangwa bihagarara, kandi icyuma kiri ku bicu biba byijimye cyangwa bifite ogisijeni ku buso.
impamvu zo kwangirika, ni ukuvuga ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ihindagurika ry'urumuri rw'amazi.
Umuvuduko w'ubushyuhe bwinshi ni umuvuduko uterwa no guhindagurika no guhinduka kw'icyuma gishongeshejwe ku bushyuhe bwinshi. Iyo umuvuduko urenze urugero rw'imbaraga cyangwa imiterere ya plastiki y'icyuma kuri ubu bushyuhe, havuka imivuduko. Guhinduka kw'urupapuro rw'amazi ni ukurema urupapuro rw'amazi hagati y'ibinyampeke bya kristu mu gihe cyo gukomera no gushushanya icyuma gishongeshejwe. Uko imiterere y'urupapuro rw'amazi igenda ikomera, urupapuro rw'amazi rurahinduka. Iyo ingano y'imiterere n'umuvuduko w'imiterere birengeje urugero runaka, imivuduko iravuka. Ingano y'ubushyuhe bw'imivuduko ni hafi 1200 ~ 1450℃.
Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku mikurire:
① Ibintu bya S na P mu byuma ni ibintu byangiza imiyoboro, kandi eutectics zabyo hamwe n'icyuma zigabanya imbaraga n'ubushyuhe bw'icyuma gikozwe mu byuma bishongeshejwe mu bushyuhe bwinshi, bigatera imiyoboro.
② Gushyiramo ibisigazwa by'amabuye no gutandukanya ibyuma byongera ubwinshi bw'ibisigazwa by'amashanyarazi, bityo bigatuma ubushyuhe burushaho gucika.
③ Uko icyuma gikomeza gucika cyane, ni ko icyuma gishyuha cyane.
④ Uko icyuma gishyuha cyane, ni ko ubushyuhe bw'ubuso burushaho kwiyongera, ni ko imiterere y'ubushyuhe bwinshi irushaho kuba myiza, kandi uburyo bwo gushyuha burushaho kugabanuka.
⑤ Imiterere y'inyubako z'ibibumbano ntabwo ikora neza, nko kuba inguni nto cyane zizengurutse, ubugari bw'inkuta bunini, ndetse no kuba stress nyinshi, ibyo bikaba byatera imiturire.
⑥Ubucucike bw'umucanga bukabije cyane, kandi umusaruro mubi w'inyuma y'umucanga ubuza gushonga no kongera imiterere y'imicanga.
⑦Ibindi, nko gushyiraho nabi agakoresho ko kuzamuka, gukonjesha cyane kw'agakoresho ko gusukamo, guhangayika gukabije guterwa no gukata agakoresho ko kuzamuka no gukoresha ubushyuhe, nibindi, nabyo bigira ingaruka ku ivuka ry'imiturire.
Dukurikije impamvu n'impamvu zitera iyo mikurire yavuzwe haruguru, ingamba zijyanye nayo zishobora gufatwa kugira ngo hagabanuke kandi hirindwe ko habaho inenge z'imikurire.
Dushingiye ku isesengura ryavuzwe haruguru ry’impamvu zitera inenge mu gucukura, kumenya ibibazo bihari no gufata ingamba zijyanye no kunoza, dushobora kubona igisubizo ku ntege nke mu gucukura, ibyo bikaba byafasha mu kunoza ireme ry’ingufu mu gucukura.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-31-2023